How do you calculate earthwork shrinkage and swell in a cut/fill balance?

How do you calculate earthwork shrinkage and swell in a cut/fill balance?

• A. Swell increases volume when soil is loosened.
• B. Shrinkage reduces in-situ volume after excavation.
• C. Both shrinkage and swell are ignored in fill design.
• D. Shrinkage reduces in-situ volume after excavation; swell increases volume when soil is loosened; both adjust volumes for fill design.

Answer: (D)